@article{oai:hirosaki.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005451,
 author = {Obara, Hideki and Takahashi, Midori and Kudo, Kazuya and Mariya, Yasushi and Takai, Yoshihiro and Kashiwakura, Ikuo},
 issue = {5},
 journal = {EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {X-ray computed tomography (CT) images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines. In Japan, the number of facilities that own diagnostic CT equipment, the number of CT examinations and the number of CT scanners increased by similar to 1.4-fold between 2005 and 2011. CT operators (medical radiological technologists, medical physicists and physicians) must understand the effective doses for examinations at their own institutions and carefully approach each examination. In addition, the patients undergoing the examination (as well as his/her family) must understand the effective dose of each examination in the context of the cumulative dose. In the present study, the numbers of pediatric patients (aged 0-5 years) and total patients who underwent CT at Hirosaki University Hospital (Hirosaki, Japan) between January 2011 and December 2013 were surveyed, and effective doses administered to children aged 0, 1 and 5 years were evaluated. Age-and region-specific conversion factors and dose-length products obtained from the CT scanner were used to estimate the effective doses. The numbers of CT examinations performed in 2011, 2012 and 2013 were 16,662, 17,491 and 17,649, respectively, of which 613 (1.2%) of the overall total involved children aged 0-5 years. The estimated effective doses per examination to children aged 0, 1 and 5 years were 6.3 +/- 4.8, 4.9 +/- 3.8 and 2.7 +/- 3.0 mSv, respectively. This large variation was attributed to several factors associated with scan methods and ranges in actual setting. In conclusion, the requirement for individual patient prospective exposure management systems and estimations of low-dose radiation exposure should be considered in light of the harmful effects of exposure.},
 pages = {1415--1420},
 title = {Estimation of effective doses in pediatric X-ray computed tomography examination},
 volume = {14},
 year = {2017}
}